In our previous article, we discussed how account abstraction (AA) in crypto is a broad concept that can take on many forms. To recap, AA roughly refers to the process of abstracting away the rigidity and built-in structures of user accounts within a blockchain, making them more flexible and adaptable while still allowing them to interact with the network.

As a broad and emerging concept, it can be challenging for developers to identify ideas or examples of what can be built with account abstraction. This article aims to highlight the promising potential applications of AA for Solana developers and projects, as well as showcase some emerging use cases. For those interested in exploring the full spectrum of ideas around account abstraction, a comprehensive list will be included at the end of the article.

Potential Opportunities for Solana Developers and Projects

By incorporating account abstraction, developers can create solutions that overcome the complexities and barriers often associated with traditional blockchain interactions. This can help projects attract a wider audience including those who are new to the world of crypto and more broadly DeFi. Given the extensive range of possibilities, we decided to focus on the most promising use cases that address the gaps in onboarding newcomers to Solana, making the process more accessible and user-friendly. The first application that in our view stands out in this regard is “Session Keys”.

Session Keys

Session Keys can significantly change the way users interact with dApps (decentralized applications). The idea is to let users create a session key that pre-approves transactions within a dApp for a specific time, up to a certain limit and with particular rules. This means users can use their favorite project without having to repeatedly confirm transactions through their wallet.

Since users predefine the allowed actions, they can interact with a protocol while ensuring their assets remain secure. Currently, most dApps require users to sign transactions repeatedly, which is inconvenient for users who perform many transactions. The Session Keys approach strikes a balance between user-friendliness and minimized risk. Session keys can be customized in various ways, such as setting a time limit, maximum gas limit, maximum transaction volume for a specific token, or allowing only certain functions on a specific program. This flexibility allows protocols to offer tailored “keys” for different purposes and users.

For instance, Session Keys could significantly enhance the user experience for derivative exchanges on Solana like Drift, Zeta, or Cypher. A trader could create a session key valid for one hour, allowing them to trade up to $50,000 without needing to confirm each transaction with their wallet. This would create an experience similar to what users enjoy on centralized exchanges like Binance, without the cons of centralization.

Gasless Transactions

Another use case that could bridge the gap between DeFi and CeFi is "Gasless Transactions," which is a concept also referred to as "Sponsored Transactions.” The idea is to allow users to perform transactions without having to pay gas fees. This is achieved by using a smart contract/program to cover the gas fees on behalf of the user, simplifying the user experience and allowing to perform transactions without requiring $SOL for gas fees.

To put it into context, consider the following example:

1. The user interacts with a dApp that supports Gasless Transactions;

2. When the user initiates a transaction, the protocol calls a specific program that is designed to handle Gasless Transactions;

3. The program, known as the “sponsor”, pays the gas fees on behalf of the user. The gas sponsor may either cover the cost as an “acquisition cost” or could ask the user to pay in a different token for instance;

4. The program executes the user's requested transaction, while covering the gas fees.

NFT marketplaces like Magic Eden or Tensor are great examples of how this implementation could work, since they are prone to attract users who may not be familiar with gas fees. With Gasless Transactions, a user could have only USDC in his wallet and still purchase NFTs and pay royalties, without having to be concerned with gas fees for the transaction execution. On the other hand, Tensor could introduce its own token and integrate it into the platform, requiring users to purchase $TENSOR to perform transactions. An entire gamification experience could be created, where users who utilize the Tensor token for transaction fees can earn points, rewards, and additional benefits.

Transaction Guards

Wallets also hold the potential to revolutionize the self-custody experience for their users by implementing an account abstraction concept known as “Transaction Guards”. It refers to a mechanism that allows users to define specific conditions and rules that must be met before a transaction is executed. This adds another layer of security and control, ensuring that transactions follow predefined rules set by the user account.

This use case can involve features such as withdrawal limits, daily spending limits, or whitelisted addresses. Wallets on Solana such as Backpack or Ultimate could adopt those safeguards to help users protect their funds in case their private key gets compromised. By generating a keypair with a wallet like Backpack, users could configure specific triggers to manage their funds more securely.

Protocols could also incorporate Transaction Guards that examine a user's historical behavior and automatically halt the transaction if a potential risk is detected (e.g., a user usually withdraws amounts ranging from $500 to $1000 but in this case the transaction amount is 20 times larger). In such cases, a 2FA confirmation might be required to ensure that it's the actual user initiating the action, rather than a malicious actor.

The End of Seed Phrases - Enhanced Account Authentication and Signing Methods

Beyond enhanced security features, one of the applications that could potentially facilitate the onboarding of newcomers to DeFi is the elimination of seed phrases. Social recovery, login with email, and 2FA are all well-established features in web2 that can now be implemented in crypto with account abstraction.

For social recovery, the recovery process can involve executing a program with a predefined set of conditions, such as obtaining signatures from a majority of trusted associates. Users could designate friends, family members or third-party solutions who can help recover their account if they lose access to their private key, which will enable them to regenerate a new one.

The adaptability of smart contract wallets also allows them to work with MPC, enabling users to log in using a social account (like Google) or an email and password combination. The signing process can be enhanced as well by integrating new solutions to sign transactions like 2FA, which requires users to confirm their identity using an additional factor, such as a one-time password or a hardware token, before executing a transaction.

While those concepts may appear promising on paper, their true value is when implemented in real projects. Fortunately, Solana is a blockchain that already has a variety of impressive applications, showcasing the potential of these ideas and offering tangible examples of how crypto and DeFi can, in fact, also be for non-crypto experts.

Examples of Account Abstraction Applications on Solana

Squads is a well-known example of account abstraction in action on Solana. It leverages Squads Protocol to provide multi-signature functionality, allowing teams to securely manage their treasury, developer, and creator assets. In this setup, every action taken within Squads requires the approval of all the owners before the transaction can be executed.

More recently, Solana Grizzlython has given birth to many new projects that are implementing some forms of account abstraction:

• Bunkr: It aims to introduce TOTP (Time-based OneTime Password) 2FA to Solana, allowing users to secure their assets with an authenticator app of their choice;

• RayAuth: The project wants to offer plenty of account abstraction use cases such as social logins, gasless transactions, or even session keys;

• Cordelia: They plan to add a social recovery feature for their treasury management solution;

• Stache (Kaizen Corps): Stache is building a smart wallet with account abstraction features like account recovery, optional seed phrases, automations.

Several existing Solana protocols have also already implemented various forms of account abstraction. For example, Kamino batches multiple transactions into one, enabling users to simply deposit one token into a vault, with the swap and complete deposit process managed by the protocol on their behalf. Drift, on the other hand, recently utilized PDAs (Program Derived Addresses) to enable users to create referral accounts, showcasing yet another application of account abstraction on Solana.

Drip by Dcaf enables on-chain dollar-cost averaging (DCA) for SPL tokens, leveraging AA to process payments automatically according to a predetermined schedule, eliminating the need for users to manually approve each transaction. Similarly, Gum recently introduced Sparkled Sessions, which is essentially the "Session Keys" concept we've seen above. This establishes a secure, ephemeral session between the user's wallet and the dApp, eliminating manual approvals for every transaction.

There are countless use cases of what is possible on Solana, and the relatively limited knowledge about account abstraction and the role of PDAs may explain why we have only recently started to see AA implementations on Solana. As awareness and adoption of these concepts expand, we can expect to see more innovative use cases emerge in the ecosystem.

AA Use Cases Are Only Limited by Your Mind

The examples shown here are just a brief overview of the many opportunities that account abstraction offers. By moving away from the restrictions of typical user accounts, developers can now mix the best parts of web2 and web3, while still keeping users in control of their assets. This freedom allows builders to come up with fresh and unique user experiences that were once thought impossible. Below, we’ve gathered all the use cases we could think of for account abstraction:

As the concept of account abstraction expands further, we can't wait to see the innovative ideas and solutions that will come from the minds of Solana builders.

About Squads

Squads is a crypto company operations platform that simplifies management of developer, creator, and treasury assets for teams building on Solana and SVM. Open source, formally verified, immutable, audited by Neodyme and OtterSec, Squads enables teams to secure their treasuries, programs, validators, tokens in a multisig and jointly manage them.

Learn more

Squads: https://squads.so/blog/what-is-squads
Squads Protocol: https://squads.so/blog/solana-svm-smart-contract-wallet-infrastructure
Code: https://github.com/Squads-Protocol/squads-mpl